#borrow

• Adstratum — The totality of foreign linguistic elements introduced into a language and added to its structure after it has been fully formed as a distinct idiom. Distracted from substrate (the tongue of an assimilated indigenous population) and superstrate (the language of conquerors absorbed by locals), adstratum is driven by prolonged contacts, geographical proximity, historical-political ties, or cultural exchanges. Its components yield mostly quantitative changes, expanding the lexicon and affix inventories without altering the core grammar.
• Isis — A term borrowed as a transliteration or direct phonetic anglicism (Isis / ASIS), used in contemporary language to denote distinct cultural concepts: from the neologistic representation of the great Egyptian deity Isis (goddess of magic and motherhood), to highly visible global international technological or political acronyms. Within a modern linguistic context, the word serves inside mass-media jargons and geopolitical or technical security analyses, maintaining a specific pronunciation that structurally differentiates it from archaic Romanian forms.
• Allonym — The name of a real person (usually a known author, a friend, or a historical figure) that a writer adopts as a pseudonym to sign their own literary or scientific work. This structural identity-concealing device differs from an invented pseudonym, having been used historically to secure a book's success, bypass political censorship, or pay homage to an admired personality.
• Pawner — An individual or legal entity that gives or leaves a movable asset as a pawn (pledge) to secure a short-term loan; a pledger. Exceptionally and depending on old legal contexts, the term may also refer to a person managing a pawnshop, though modern usage confirms the role of the pledger.
• Anglicism — A language phenomenon (word, phrase, grammatical structure, or turn of phrase) borrowed directly or calqued from the English language into another idiom, without being fully adapted to the phonetic, morphological, or orthographic rules of the recipient language. In modern Romanian linguistics, it represents a highly dynamic category of neologisms heavily introduced into technological, economic, media jargon, and daily speech, frequently sparking intense debates regarding their standardization and appropriate usage.
• Anglo-Norman — Relating to both England (the English people) and Normandy; specific to the French-speaking population that settled in Britain after 1066. As a neuter noun, it defines the Oïl dialect of Old French spoken and structurally developed in medieval England by the Norman aristocracy, representing a fundamental pillar for the massive assimilation of Latin-derived vocabulary into English language structures.
• Appellation — An obsolete or literary legal term (borrowed from French) used in the past as a synonym for 'apel' (appeal) or naming; a designation attributed to the act of challenging a decision in court or to the formal way of naming a category. Currently, it is found almost exclusively in legal history or old philological studies.
• Apropos — A very rare, learned, or archaic form borrowed from Italian, used in pre-modern texts as a structural equivalent for 'by the way' or 'opportunely'; it serves to introduce an incidental remark or indicates that an action happens exactly at the right moment.
• Lend — An altered, regional, or popular form resulting from the phonetic deformation of the standard verb 'împrumuta' (to lend/borrow); the act of giving or taking an asset, sum of money, or material with the contractual or moral obligation to return it after a certain period of time.
• Lending — An altered, regional, or popular form resulting from the phonetic deformation of the standard noun 'împrumutare' (lending/borrowing); the act of lending or borrowing and its result; the economic, moral, or household act through which the use of an asset is temporarily yielded.
• Borrowed — An altered, regional, or popular form resulting from the phonetic deformation of the standard word 'împrumutat' (borrowed/lent); having been given or taken as a loan, credited, or owed to a person based on a temporary agreement.
• Spade — An archaic regional term, found in Transylvania and adjacent areas, used to designate an iron tool with sharp edges (a type of spade, shovel, or plow blade) used for digging the soil, cutting roots, or cleaning firing hearths; it originates as a structural borrowing from the Hungarian language (ásó). Broadly, it describes a rudimentary but durable metallic instrument, essential in traditional rural households for working compact soils.
• Written petition — A petition, written grievance, official request, or memorandum addressed in the past (during the Phanariot and Ottoman eras) by a Romanian subject to the ruling prince or directly to the Ottoman Porte authorities (Sultan, Vizier) to obtain justice, a favor, or the resolution of a legal dispute. In the medieval administrative structure, submitting an arzahal required adhering to a strict drafting protocol and paying specific chancellery fees.
• Ottoman petition — An archaic phonetic and graphical variant of the word 'arzehal' (an official petition or grievance addressed to Ottoman or administrative authorities). This form appears frequently in Moldavian chronicles and transcribed documents from the 17th-18th centuries, reflecting the popular local adaptation of Turkish pronunciation in the chanceries of the era.
• Written petition — An archaic and regional phonetic variant of the word 'arzahal' (a written petition, grievance, official request, or memorandum addressed to authorities during the Phanariot and Ottoman eras). In the administrative structure of the old chancelleries of Moldavia and Wallachia, this lexical form reflects the direct vernacular adaptation of the original Turkish term, used by chancellors and scribes in official documents to record papers sent to the ruling prince or the Porte to resolve legal disputes.
• Written petition — An accepted phonetic and graphical variant of the word 'arzahal', representing a written petition, a grievance, or an official request addressed in the past to the ruling prince, the divan, or the high authorities of the Ottoman Empire. In the bureaucratic structure of the Romanian lands during the 17th-19th centuries, this structural document contained a detailed presentation of an injustice or a request, being drafted according to rigid courtesy formulas and transmitted through delegates called kapu kehayas.
• Collective petition — An archaic administrative and legal term, used in the Romanian Principalities during the period of Ottoman and Phanariot influence, designating a collective memorandum, an official petition signed by several people, or a grievance letter sent directly to the higher authorities (the Divan, the Prince, or the Porte). In the medieval bureaucratic structure, this document served as a formal complaint through which an entire community or guild expressed its grievances against the abuses of local officials, requesting the restoration of justice.
• Asab — A name attributed to a soldier from a light infantry or navy corps in the Ottoman Empire's army, originally recruited as a volunteer and paid from provincial taxes. In the military structure of the 16th-18th centuries, the asabs were used as garrison troops in border fortresses, including those located on the territory of the Romanian Principalities (such as the Tighina, Giurgiu, or Turnu rayas), with the role of guarding fortifications and supporting river fleets during campaigns.
• Licentiousness — Licentiousness, shamelessness, debauchery, or lasciviousness; immoral behavior contrary to good manners or social decency. This neologistic term of cultural substrate represents a historical borrowing used mostly in classical literature or Romanian theological writings to stigmatize sensual excesses and the individual's lack of structural restraint.
• The cops are coming — A warning expression or alarm signal from Romanian slang, borrowed from the Romani language, literally meaning 'the police officer is coming!' or 'watch out, the police!'. The term is used in underworld environments or urban street jargon as a coded, rapid, and covert warning to immediately halt illegal or suspicious activities before the intervention of the authorities.