#tracking

• Anthropography — A descriptive branch of anthropology and human geography dealing with the scientific description, mapping, and recording of the geographical distribution of human communities, considering their physical traits, races, languages, customs, and social structures. This discipline provides the empirical and statistical foundation for analyzing how human diversity is distributed across the Earth's surface.
• Astrophotography — A specialized branch of practical astronomy and photographic art that deals with photographing celestial bodies, constellations, planets, and deep-sky objects (nebulae, galaxies, star clusters). It involves advanced long-exposure techniques, automated star tracking, and digital processing (stacking and calibrating frames) to reveal details invisible to the human eye due to extremely low luminosity.
• Astrophotogrammetry — A specialized branch of practical astronomy and photogrammetry that deals with the precise determination of coordinate positions, shapes, dimensions, and distances of celestial bodies or planetary structures through measurements performed on astronomical photographs. This method is widely used in mapping planetary surfaces, establishing high-precision star charts, and calculating artificial satellite orbits by analyzing tracks left on photographic plates or digital sensors.
• Astronavigation — The science, technique, or method of guiding and determining the position, trajectory, and speed of a vehicle (maritime ship, aircraft, or spacecraft) through astronomical observations performed on celestial bodies (Sun, Moon, stars, or reference planets). In the context of modern spaceflight, it represents an essential pillar of astrodynamics, utilizing stable optical sensors (star trackers) for the autonomous orientation of interplanetary probes when ground guidance signals are unavailable.
• Astronomer — A scientist or highly qualified specialist in astronomy; a researcher who deals with the observation, measurement, cataloging, and physico-mathematical interpretation of the positions, movements, composition, and evolution of celestial bodies and matter in the universe. Their activity involves utilizing advanced optical instruments, radio telescopes, or satellite data to study cosmic phenomena, from nearby asteroid orbits to the structure of distant galaxies.
• Self-orientation — The act of self-orienting and its result; a process through which a technical device, an autonomous vehicle, or a living organism independently determines its position in space and adjusts its movement direction or structural alignment without continuous external assistance. In robotics and aerospace engineering, it refers to the ability of missiles, drones, or solar panels to modify their angle based on data gathered by internal gyroscopic or optical sensors.
• Auxometry — A scientific method, technique, or set of procedures used for the measurement, calculation, and statistical analysis of the growth rate in size and volume of living organisms, particularly human somatic development indices.
• Azimuth — The horizontal angle measured clockwise (from 0° to 360°) between the North direction of a reference meridian and the direction toward a given point on the Earth's surface or the projection of a celestial body on the horizon.