#penal code

• Afflictive — Involving corporal punishment or severe deprivation of liberty; relating to a criminal penalty that directly attacks the physical integrity or freedom of movement of the convicted. Historically, it describes repressive measures causing physical suffering or total isolation, distinct from pecuniary or infamante penalties.
• Assaulted — A rare and archaic neologistic variant of the participle 'agresat' (assaulted), used historically to describe a person or entity that was subjected to a violent attack, injury, or hostile action by an attacker. In contemporary Romanian, it is viewed as a redundant doublet and is fully replaced by 'agresat'.
• Aggressor — An early, archaic, or rare neologistic variant of the noun 'agresor' (aggressor, attacker), occasionally used in legal jargon or literary translations from the late 19th century. In contemporary Romanian, the word is considered an adaptation error or an incomplete form, fully replaced by the standard term 'agresor'.
• Arrest — A deprivation of liberty measure ordered by a judicial authority for a determined period, consisting of the detention or incarceration of a person suspected or convicted of an offense. In an institutional structural sense, it denotes the specially designed place (penitentiary, detention cell) where these persons are held, while in modern legislation it is found under various preventive procedural forms (such as preventive detention or house arrest).
• Detainee — A person (man) legally deprived of liberty, held under the custody of judicial authorities in a remand center or a penitentiary, awaiting a definitive sentence or as a result of committing an offense. In an institutional-structural sense, the arestant is subjected to a strict disciplinary regime, registered in official detention ledgers, and has his civil rights partially restricted according to the penal code.
• Female detainee — A person (woman) legally deprived of liberty, held in a designated women's ward or penitentiary under the custody of judicial authorities. In a structural-legal sense, it describes the status of a woman in pre-trial detention or serving a prison sentence, subjected to internal regulations and permanently monitored by guard personnel.
• Arrest — The act of arresting or detaining and its result; a legal measure of depriving a person suspected or accused of committing an offense of their liberty, structurally ordered by a competent judicial authority (judge or court) under the conditions provided by the criminal procedure code. This procedural act serves a preventive role to ensure the proper conduct of the criminal investigation or trial.
• To arrogate to oneself — To claim, assume, or attribute to oneself abusively and unjustifiably a right, title, power, merit, or privilege without having the legal or moral authority to do so. Used almost exclusively as a reflexive verb ('a-și aroga').
• Arrogation — The act of arrogating and its result; the abusive and unjustified assumption, attribution, or claiming of a right, title, power, merit, or privilege without legal or moral authority. In constitutional contexts, it denotes the illegal usurpation of prerogatives between institutions.
• Self-denunciation — The action by which a person presents themselves on their own initiative before criminal investigation bodies or judicial authorities to confess a crime or an illicit act that they personally committed or participated in, before it is discovered. In structural procedural terms, it represents a cause for sentence reduction or impunity according to the penal code.
• To self-denounce — To present oneself on one's own initiative before criminal investigation bodies or competent judicial authorities to confess and assume the commission of one's own crime or illicit act, before it is known or discovered by the state. This structural procedural act is carried out by the perpetrator out of remorse or to benefit from substantial reductions in the sentence provided by law.
• Self-denunciation — The act of self-denouncing and its result; a self-denunciation made voluntarily before criminal authorities before the deed is known to them. This act represents an official manifestation of acknowledging guilt and produces major mitigating structural effects in setting the final sentence amount.
• Self-denouncer — A person who denounces themselves before the law, bringing to the attention of authorities a crime they personally committed or participated in; (rarely) containing or expressing a self-denunciation. This structural status implies an active and unilateral manifestation of assistance provided to justice before the ex officio notification of investigation organs.