#immunoglobulin

• Allotype — A genetic variation or structural antigenic determinant within a protein or immunoglobulin (antibody) that differentiates individuals within the same species. This form of molecular polymorphism reflects the presence of different alleles at the corresponding gene locus, utilized as an essential biological marker in population genetics, forensics, and immunogenetics.
• Antibody — A complex protein molecule (immunoglobulin) synthesized by B lymphocytes of the immune system in response to the entry of a foreign substance (antigen) into the body, possessing the specific structural capacity to bind to it for neutralization or destruction. This biological barrier forms the foundation of acquired immunity, ensuring defense against bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
• Antivenom — A biological serum or immunoglobulin pharmaceutical preparation obtained from the plasma of immunized animals, used as an emergency antidote to neutralize specific toxins introduced into the body by the bite or sting of venomous animals (snakes, scorpions, spiders). The macromolecular substance binds directly to circulating venom molecules, blocking their attachment to cellular receptors and preventing lethal neurotoxic or hemolytic effects.