#dog

• Abcedography / Radiography of an abscess — A specialized radiological technique consisting of taking an X-ray of an abscess cavity, performed immediately following its puncture, evacuation of pus, and subsequent injection of a contrast medium or air to delineate its size, contours, and extension.
• Abjuration — The act of abjuring and its result; the public, solemn, and formal renunciation of a belief, doctrine, or sacred promise. In a historical context, abjuration represented a written legal-religious act, often required for the reconciliation of an individual with the ecclesiastical community from which they had been excluded.
• Mental ablepsia — An abstract concept used in philosophy and social psychology to denote mental blindness, lack of discernment, the total inability to perceive or understand an obvious truth or factual reality; a state of profound intellectual obtuseness caused by dogmatism or prejudice. Unlike ignorance, the term emphasizes a self-induced or systemic cognitive blockage that prevents critical reflection.
• Absolutistic — A bookish, partially archaic, or neologistic adjectival variant (adapted from German or Anglo-Saxon models), synonymous with the term 'absolutist'. In moral philosophy and epistemology, the term qualifies an approach, doctrine, or mentality that tends to reduce the complexity of reality or ethical dilemmas to fixed, rigid, and unconditioned principles, refusing any empirical, historical, or cultural nuance.
• To absolutize — To view, consider, or transform something relative, contingent, or contextual into an absolute, immutable, and universally valid value; to grant unconditional conceptual or normative supremacy to an element of secondary importance. In ethics and epistemology, the verb describes the process by which a particular dogma or a transient historical norm is elevated to the status of an intangible metaphysical truth, eliminating the possibility of nuance or critical analysis.
• Absolutizing — Tending to absolutize; displaying the characteristics of a process of dogmatization, forced universalization, or the elimination of context and nuance. In critical analyses of manners and in epistemology, an absolutizant vision or method is penalized for its rigidity, as it refuses to recognize empirical variability or the complexity of particular moral cases.
• Absolutization — The act of absolutizing and its result; the intellectual, philosophical, or ideological process whereby a relative, contingent, or context-dependent concept is transformed into a supreme, immutable, and universally valid value. In ethics and epistemology, absolutization often represents a methodological error by which transient historical norms or cultural preferences are elevated to the status of untouchable dogmas, canceling critical flexibility.
• Absolutized — The past participle form of the verb 'absolutiza', used adjectivally to describe a concept, rule, value, or principle that has been artificially or dogmatically transformed into an unconditioned and immutable truth. It qualifies the axiological element extracted from its historical context and proclaimed as an absolute norm, immune to criticism or circumstantial adaptations.
• Academism — A conservative movement and a set of aesthetic principles manifested especially in the visual arts and literature of the 18th and 19th centuries, characterized by the dogmatic adherence to classical rules and models imposed by official Academies. Technically, academism promotes formal perfection, rigorous drawing, and historical, mythological, or allegorical themes, while rejecting avant-garde innovations. In an extended and modern sense, the term carries a pejorative connotation, denoting a conventional style that lacks originality and relies on predetermined formulas.
• To academicize — To transform an artistic movement, a scientific theory, an innovative idea, or a literary style into a rigid, official, and institutionalized dogma, stripping them of their revolutionary, organic, and spontaneous spirit. The process of academization involves the excessive codification of rules, turning them into textbook material, and enforcing them as mandatory conventional standards within institutions. Intransitively, it refers to the action of a cultural system or an author becoming conformist, pedantic, and solely dependent on formal patterns.
• Academicization — The act of academicizing and its result; the socio-cultural and aesthetic process through which a revolutionary artistic movement, an innovative theory, a doctrine, or a free style is absorbed, codified, and transformed into rigid dogmas, official norms, and institutionalized textbook material. Academization marks the transition of an idea from its dynamic, organic, and often rebellious phase to a phase of bureaucratic stability and formal ossification within state institutions or academies, frequently resulting in the neutralization of its original critical potential.
• Academicized — An attribute describing an artistic movement, a literary style, a scientific theory, or an idea that has undergone the process of academicization, having been integrated into an official system of institutional norms and dogmas. As an adjective, the term suggests that the element has lost its spontaneity, critical virulence, originality, or initial organic character, becoming conformist, conventional, and strictly tailored to textbook requirements. As a participle, it denotes the state resulting from the action of the verb 'to academicize'.
• Adelphogamic — A term describing an organism, plant, or biological structure that reproduces through fertilization between closely related individuals or through the fusion of sexual cells originating from the same strain or sister strains. As a noun, it represents any plant specimen that exhibits this particular type of reproductive isolation and restricted genetic compatibility.
• Adelphogamy — A form of reproduction or fertilization method found in some plants, fungi, and lower organisms, consisting of the fusion of two gametes or two sexual cells originating from sibling individuals, directly related strains, or the same parent organism. This type of extreme biological inbreeding tends to fix existing genetic traits, limiting diversity and variability within the population.
• Non-dogmatic — Not dogmatic; rejecting dogmas, preconceived ideas, rigid doctrines, or truths imposed as absolute without rational demonstration; characterized by full freedom of thought, intellectual flexibility, and openness to critical analysis. In philosophy, it defines a skeptical or anti-dogmatic attitude promoting continuous research and constant reassessment of principles.
• Non-dogmatic — Not accepting or guiding itself by dogmas, rigid doctrines, or absolute truths imposed without rational demonstration; characterized by intellectual flexibility, critical openness, and full freedom of thought. It represents the feminine form of the adjective 'adogmatic', usually used in agreement with nouns such as method, thought, approach, or philosophical vision.
• Adogmatism — A philosophical attitude, doctrine, or intellectual orientation that rejects dogmatism, challenging the validity of dogmas and principles imposed as absolute, immobile, or infallible. Structurally, adogmatism promotes constructive skepticism, epistemic relativism, critical spirit, and the permanent revision of knowledge based on new scientific and rational discoveries.
• Adoptionism — A non-trinitarian theological doctrine that emerged during the early centuries of Christianity and was condemned as a heresy, asserting that Jesus of Nazareth was born purely human and was later adopted as God's Son at his baptism in the Jordan River due to his exceptional virtues. This christological view re-emerged in 8th-century Spain and was officially refuted by major church councils.
• Adoptionist — An individual or theologian who adheres to the principles of adoptionism, asserting that Jesus Christ was a purely human being chosen and later adopted by God. As an adjective, the term characterizes a writing, argument, sectarian community, or dogmatic perspective promoting or incorporating elements of this non-trinitarian christology.
• Adoptionists — Members, adherents, or promoters of the doctrine of adoptionism, who denied the inherent and eternal divinity of Jesus Christ, arguing that his status as Son of God was achieved through divine adoption at his baptism. The term is used strictly in ecclesiastical historiography to denote religious factions of antiquity and the early Middle Ages in conflict with trinitarian orthodoxy.