#doctrine

• To abjure — To publicly and solemnly renounce a religious belief, a philosophical or political doctrine, or a previously taken oath; to disown a deeply held conviction before an authority. Historically, the term refers to the official retraction of a heresy, whereas in modern terms it is used to describe a radical and conscious shift in ethical or ideological principles.
• Actualism — A geological and philosophical theory stating that the physical, chemical, and biological laws governing the Earth today have operated in the same manner and with the same intensity throughout all past geological epochs. In a philosophical sense, it represents a doctrine that reduces reality exclusively to what is actual, present, or in full development, denying the existence of purely potential forms.
• Agrarianism — A political and social philosophy that emphasizes the fundamental value of agricultural society, land ownership, and rural life as the backbone of national stability, morality, and democracy. It posits that farming communities possess superior ethical virtues compared to heavily industrialized centers and advocates for policies protecting small independent farmers.
• Analogism — A school of thought, doctrinal method, or theoretical tendency based on the systematic and exclusive use of analogy as the primary tool for knowing, explaining, and interpreting reality or language structures. In philosophy, it designates the type of reasoning that explains universal phenomena through strict proportional correlations and correspondences between microcosm and macrocosmos, while in ancient linguistics, it represented the doctrine asserting that language is governed by regular, proportional, and logical rules, in opposition to anomalism.
• Anatta concepts — A philosophical and spiritual concept of oriental origin (derived from Buddhism) designating states, stages, or traits characterized by the absence of a permanent, fixed, or unchanging self (the concept of non-self or anatta). In a structural sense, the term describes the realization that all phenomena are interdependent and lack an absolute or eternal self-identity.
• Anglo-Americanism — A linguistic phenomenon, term, or turn of phrase originating from American English or specific to the common Anglo-American cultural and political space, assimilated into another idiom; attachment, preference, or doctrinal support for the values, institutions, lifestyle, and shared geopolitical interests of Great Britain and the United States.
• Aniconism — A doctrine, movement, or belief system that prohibits or discourages the creation and worship of material images depicting divinity or other spiritual entities. Unlike iconoclasm, which involves the violent destruction of existing images, this concept represents a preventive conduct, preferring the manifestation of the sacred through the written word, holy texts, or non-representative symbols.
• Animalculism — A preformist biological doctrine or theory of the 17th and 18th centuries, which asserted that the new organism is fully formed, albeit at a microscopic scale (homunculus), inside the spermatozoon (the spermatic animalcule). According to this structural vision, the mother's role was reduced exclusively to providing a nourishing environment for the fetus's subsequent development, a movement directly opposed to ovism in early scientific debates.
• Animalculism — An early doctrinal current or biological hypothesis, specific to the 17th and 18th centuries, stating that the future organism is fully preformed inside the male sex cell (spermatozoon), viewed as a microscopic 'animalcule' that only needs the uterine environment to grow. This radical theoretical orientation was a branch of preformism and was locked in a long conceptual dispute with ovism and epigenesis.
• Animism — A primitive form of religion or archaic belief system that attributes an individual soul, consciousness, and will of its own to all elements of the surrounding nature, including inanimate objects, plants, animals, and meteorological phenomena. In a philosophical sense, the term can also refer to the doctrine that considers the soul as the sole and absolute principle of all organic and intellectual life.
• Animology — An academic branch or theoretical field theorized in the past, dedicated to the systematic study of animistic beliefs, the concept of the soul (anima), and the way archaic human communities personify the forces of nature. In a philosophical context, it represents the speculative study of the nature and manifestations of the vital principle animating organic bodies, often used to describe doctrines preceding scientific psychology.
• Anti-capitalist — Opposing capitalism, the free market economy, private ownership of the means of production, or the effects of corporate globalization; an ideological attitude specific to leftist, green, or anarchist doctrines. As a noun, it defines a person or political militant who critiques the capitalist system and advocates for alternative economic models based on redistribution and collective ownership.
• Anticlericalism — An ideological current, political attitude, or social movement opposing clericalism; a doctrine that combats the influence of the ecclesiastical hierarchy in public, political, judicial, and educational state affairs. This historical phenomenon, heavily developed during the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, promotes secularism, freedom of conscience, and the complete secularization of government institutions.
• Anticommunism — An ideological current, political attitude, or social movement opposing communism, Marxism-Leninism, left-wing totalitarian regimes, and state-planned economies. This global historical phenomenon brought together civic movements, democratic parties, underground armed resistances (such as the one in the Romanian mountains), and international security alliances during the Cold War, advocating for democracy, individual freedom, and private property.
• Anti-Christianity — An ideological current, philosophical attitude, or social and political movement directed against Christianity, its dogmas, ecclesiastical institutions, or Christian believers. This historical phenomenon includes diverse manifestations, from imperial persecutions in the early centuries to radical secular currents or state atheism policies in the totalitarian regimes of the 20th century.
• Anti-Christianity — A neological variant or adapted orthographic form following Western models for the noun 'anticreștinism' (anti-Christianity); an ideological current, philosophical attitude, or political movement directed against the Christian religion, its ecclesiastical institutions, or its theological dogmas.
• Antifascism — An ideological current, political movement, or civic stance grounded in radical opposition to fascism, nazism, and any form of far-right totalitarianism. It manifests through the defense of democratic values, pluralism, and fundamental liberties, with a history marked by 20th-century resistance movements and modern efforts to combat hate speech.
• Anti-immigration — Opposing immigration, or the entry and settlement of foreign citizens within a state; a policy, ideology, or doctrine aimed at restricting migratory flows and protecting the internal labor market or cultural identity. In a structural sense, it describes rigorous legislative measures, nationalist political rhetorics, or conservative social movements.
• Anti-socialist — Opposed to socialism, socialist doctrines, or political regimes based on this ideology. In a historical and political context, it refers to movements, discourses, parties (usually conservative, liberal, or capitalist) or currents of opinion that criticize state ownership, economic centralization, and government control, instead campaigning for private property, free market economy, and individualism.
• Antitrinitarian — Opposing the Christian dogma of the Holy Trinity, denying the full divinity of Jesus Christ as co-equal with God the Father, or viewing the Holy Spirit merely as a manifestation of divine power; a person belonging to a religious movement based on this theological conception (such as ancient Arianism or Reformation-era Unitarianism).