#disorder

• Abasic — A medical term describing a person affected by abasia, characterized by the partial or total inability to walk or maintain an erect posture, despite muscular strength, sensation, and coordination of the limbs being completely preserved in the recumbent position. It is encountered in organic neurological conditions (frontal or cerebellar lesions, extrapyramidal syndromes) or in psychogenic conversion disorders (classical hysteria, presenting as astasia-abasia syndrome).
• Abasic (feminine) — The feminine form of the adjective abasic, used to describe a female patient, a disorder, or a clinical manifestation (such as a posture or a gait disturbance) characterized by the inability to walk, despite the preservation of muscle strength in the recumbent position. In medical literature, it is frequently used to qualify the psychogenic or organic nature of a motor dysfunction specific to female patients or an anatomical element.
• Abasia — A neurological and neuropsychiatric symptom characterized by the total or partial inability to walk, whereas muscular strength, coordination of movements in the recumbent position, and sensation in the legs remain completely intact. It can have an organic cause, linked to lesions of the frontal lobe, cerebellum, or vestibular pathways, or a functional (psychogenic) cause, encountered within conversion (dissociative) disorders, where it is frequently associated with astasia (the inability to stand).
• Abdominalgia — A clinical term used to describe any form of pain localized within the abdomen. In psychiatric semiology and psychosomatic medicine, abdominalgia represents one of the most common somatic complaints, often being the clinical expression of a conversion disorder, generalized anxiety, or a masked depressive episode, where organic investigations reveal no structural lesion.
• Abebe phenomenon — An eponym used in transcultural psychiatry, ethnopsychiatry, and clinical anthropology studies to illustrate trance phenomena, possession, or dissociative disorders specific to the Horn of Africa (the Abebe manifestation or syndrome). The term analyzes how severe psychic conflicts, collective traumas, or acute stress are culturally shaped into dissociative convulsive seizures, structured mystic hallucinations, or altered states of personality integrated into local medical folklore.
• Abulias — The plural form of the neological noun 'abulie', designating the pathological states characterized by the total absence or severe diminution of willpower, decision-making capacity, and the impulse to act. Frequently manifesting as core symptoms in major depressive episodes, schizophrenia, or neurological disorders of the frontal lobe, these disturbances block an individual's ability to initiate and sustain goal-directed activities, despite their physical and intellectual capacities remaining intact.
• Achalasia — A rare primary motor disorder of the esophagus, characterized by the absence of normal peristalsis in the esophageal body and the defective or incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter during swallowing. This neurodegenerative condition leads to food accumulation in the esophagus, causing its progressive dilation, clinically manifesting as dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), regurgitation, retrosternal pain, and weight loss.
• Acataphasia — A severe neuropsychological speech disorder characterized by the patient's inability to formulate syntactically and grammatically correct sentences, whereas the ability to pronounce isolated words and the comprehension of their meaning remain intact. This symptom typically arises from focal brain lesions or specific neurodegenerative conditions, leading to fragmented, agrammatic, and incoherent expression.
• Acatagraphia — A neuropsychological disorder characterized by an individual's pathological inability to write syntactically, structurally, and grammatically correct sentences or texts, whereas the ability to copy text, spell isolated words, and the motor function of the hand remain unaffected. It represents the graphic equivalent of acataphasia, caused by dysfunction in the higher cortical areas responsible for the symbolic organization of written language.
• Acromania — A severe and chronic form of psychosis or mania characterized by incurable delirium, extreme motor agitation, and persistent aggressiveness, gradually leading to dementia.
• Achromatopsic person — A person affected by achromatopsia, suffering from a total visual anomaly characterized by the congenital or acquired inability to distinguish colors, perceiving the environment exclusively in shades of white, black, and gray. As an adjective, the term describes an individual, an eye, or a visual system exhibiting this severe and rare form of total color blindness.
• Achromatopsic woman — The feminine form of the word 'acromatop'; it designates a woman or a girl suffering from achromatopsia, lacking the ability to perceive the chromatic spectrum. As an adjective, it agrees in gender and number with feminine nouns, describing an anatomical structure, a person, or a retina lacking the pigments required for color vision.
• Achromatopsic female — The feminine form of the word 'acromatopsic'; it describes a female individual, an anatomical structure, or a clinical manifestation characterized by the loss or complete absence of color sensitivity. In a genetic context, identifying an achromatopsic woman usually indicates an autosomal recessive transmission of mutant CNGA3 or CNGB3 genes.
• Achromatopsia — A congenital or acquired ophthalmological condition, genetic or neurological in nature, characterized by the total inability to perceive the colors of the visible spectrum. The affected subject distinguishes only shades of white, black, and gray (monochromatic vision), a state often accompanied by reduced visual acuity, extreme sensitivity to light (photophobia), and involuntary eye movements (nystagmus).
• Achromatosis — A generalized pathological condition characterized by the total absence or severe diminution of normal pigmentation within a tissue, organ, or the entire organism. In dermatology, the term describes severe states of cutaneous depigmentation (such as extreme forms of albinism or vitiligo universalis) where cells no longer produce melanin.
• Acromelalgia — A rare clinical syndrome characterized by paroxysmal episodes of intense burning pain, pronounced redness (erythema), and increased local temperature in the extremities (hands and feet). Symptoms are typically triggered by exposure to heat or physical exertion and are caused by a vasomotor disorder of the peripheral microcirculation.
• Achromia — The total congenital or acquired absence of normal pigmentation of the skin, hair, or other tissues, caused by the lack or destruction of melanocytes and melanin production. This general medical term covers manifestations such as generalized albinism or completely white patches occurring in advanced vitiligo.
• Acromionitis — An acute or chronic inflammatory pathological process localized at the level of the acromion or its immediately adjacent periarticular structures (such as the subacromial bursa and rotator cuff tendons). This structural condition is most frequently triggered by repeated microtraumas, occupational or athletic mechanical overuse, or localized degenerative phenomena, clinically manifesting through intense pain during arm elevation, partial functional impairment of the shoulder, localized edema, and acute tenderness upon palpation.
• Acromiotonia — A pathophysiological condition characterized by a state of marked muscular hypertonia, rigidity, or persistent muscular contracture localized strictly within the body's extremities (hands and feet). This complex neuromuscular phenomenon reflects a structural disruption of myotatic reflexes, typically encountered in pyramidal or extrapyramidal disorders, brainstem lesions, or central motor-neuron disturbances.
• Leukoderma — A congenital or acquired cutaneous pathological condition characterized by the total absence or severe and extensive diminution of normal skin pigmentation, manifesting as broad white patches or generalized depigmentation of the epidermis. This structural disorder is caused by the absence, destruction, or chronic metabolic dysfunction of melanocytes, leading to a complete halt in melanin production and resulting in extreme skin sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.