#corporate finance

• To self-insure — To independently secure financial protection against potential risks, losses, or damages by creating and accumulating an internal reserve fund within the company or household, instead of purchasing an insurance policy from an external commercial company.
• Downstream — The part of a watercourse located in the direction of the current, toward the mouth (as opposed to amonte); (adverbially) in the direction of the water flow; (in economics and law) a written personal guarantee, usually on a bill of exchange or promissory note, whereby a person (avalist) binds themselves to pay the mentioned amount if the primary debtor fails to fulfill their obligation.
• Avalist — A physical or legal person who guarantees by signature (aval), on a bill of exchange or a promissory note, the payment of this credit title at maturity, becoming jointly and unconditionally liable alongside the guaranteed party.
• Female avalist — A female person or a legal entity (represented by a female) that guarantees by signature (aval), on a bill of exchange or a promissory note, the payment of this credit title at maturity, becoming jointly and unconditionally liable alongside the guaranteed party.
• To back a bill — To guarantee by signature (aval) the payment of a bill of exchange, a promissory note, or another commercial paper, assuming the obligation to pay the inscribed amount if the primary debtor fails to meet their duties at maturity.
• Backed by an aval — The feminine form of 'avalizat'; having been secured or protected through the application of an aval; a bill of exchange or commercial obligation guaranteed by a jointly liable third party.