#speech act

• Speech act — A fundamental concept in linguistic pragmatics (developed by J.L. Austin and J. Searle) that defines an utterance not just as a sequence of words, but as an intentional action through which the speaker alters the state of affairs in reality (e.g., promising, ordering, asserting). The structure of a speech act includes three correlated dimensions: the locutionary act (producing the utterance), the illocutionary act (the intended force of the message), and the perlocutionary act (the effect produced on the receiver).
• Speaker — A person who speaks, addresses a speech or an allocution to an audience; the sender of an oral message in a direct communication act. In correlation with the term 'allocutary' (the addressee), the speaker represents the active speaking subject who initiates the verbal interaction, selects stylistic registers, and shapes the utterance according to their pragmatic intent.