#semen analysis
- Aspermia — The total absence of seminal fluid (semen) following orgasm; a pathological condition distinct from azoospermia (where fluid exists but lacks spermatozoa), which can be caused by retrograde ejaculation (where semen is directed into the urinary bladder), congenital absence of seminal vesicles, or surgical sequelae.
- Asthenospermia — A medical condition characterized by a pathological decrease in sperm motility within the semen, constituting a major cause of male infertility; the condition is diagnosed via a semen analysis when the percentage of spermatozoa with normal progressive motility drops below reference values set by the World Health Organization.
- Azoospermia — A medical condition characterized by the complete absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculated semen, representing a major cause of male infertility; it can be obstructive (blocked ducts) or non-obstructive (production deficiencies within the testes).