#reasoning

• Analogy — A total or partial resemblance, structural correspondence, or proportional ratio established between two or more objects, phenomena, words, or concepts that are otherwise different in their essence. In logic, it represents a form of inductive reasoning by which it is deduced that if two elements resemble each other in certain respects, they will probably resemble each other in others. In linguistics, it denotes the process of creating or modifying grammatical forms under the influence of a dominant linguistic pattern.
• Apagogic — Belonging to apagogy or indirect proof, based on reduction to absurdity; a type of structural logical reasoning through which the truth of a thesis is proven by highlighting the false, contradictory, or impossible character of the consequences of the opposite thesis.
• Aporeme — A difficult problem, a theoretical dilemma, or a seemingly insoluble logical paradox that arises in reasoning when two contradictory arguments appear equally well-founded and rational; a statement that generates an aporia. In Aristotelian logic or scholastic disputes, the concept denotes a conceptual knot blocking rational deduction until contradictions are resolved.
• A priori — A philosophical and logical term borrowed from Latin (a priori), used to denote knowledge, judgment, or reasoning that is independent of any prior sensory experience, based exclusively on pure reason; also, in everyday language, it describes a conviction formulated dogmatically, beforehand, without prior verification of concrete facts or reality.
• Argument — A reason, proof, or demonstration advanced in support of a statement, thesis, or opinion, with the aim of persuading or demonstrating its truth value. In logic, it represents a series of propositions (premises) designed to determine the truth of another proposition (the conclusion).
• To argue — To bring forward arguments, evidence, grounds, or logical proofs in support of a statement, thesis, or opinion, with the purpose of demonstrating its truth or convincing an interlocutor; to develop a structured and coherent reasoning to support or counter a viewpoint within a debate or legal discourse.
• Argumentation — The act of arguing and its result; the totality of arguments brought in support of a thesis, opinion, or demonstration; a complex logical-rhetorical process through which a speaker or author selects, organizes, and presents evidence, facts, reasoning, and valid premises with the goal of demonstrating the truth or falsity of a proposition and convincing, persuading, or influencing the audience or dialogue partner. In an academic sense, it represents the fundamental discursive structure in scientific research, essay writing, and legal debate.
• Aristotelian — Pertaining to Aristotle or Aristotelianism; Aristotelian. The adjective qualifies a concept, argument, text, or disciple faithfully following the analytical and systematic methods instituted by the philosopher of Stagira within the ancient Lyceum.
• Assumptive — Based on an assumption, a hypothesis, or a prior supposition; having the character of a premise taken as true without being empirically or axiomatically proven. In formal reasoning, it describes a deductive mode of thinking that starts from probable scenarios to explore their logical consequences.