#orography
- Alatau — A generic geographical name of Turkic origin attributed to several branched mountain ranges and massifs within the Tian Shan, Altai, and southern Siberian or Central Asian regions (such as the Dzungarian Alatau, Trans-Ili Alatau, or Kuznetsk Alatau); a large structural mountainous relief characterized by high ridges, alpine glaciers, and deep valleys. These massifs play a crucial climatic and hydrological role within the transboundary river basins of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, China, and the Russian Federation.
- Angiofluorography — A high-precision imaging investigation method used in ophthalmology for the structural visualization and recording of blood circulation within the retinal and choroidal vessels, via the intravenous injection of a fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein). This well-defined clinical procedure is fundamental for diagnosing and monitoring diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and retinal vascular occlusions.