#judge

• Abstention — The conscious and voluntary act of refraining from an action or from exercising a legal or political right; deliberate omission driven by conscience, prudence, or strategy. In procedural law, it denotes the obligation of a judge or official to recant themselves from presiding over a case involving a conflict of interest or bias.
• Aeacus — Mythological king of the island of Aegina, son of Zeus and the nymph Aegina, celebrated throughout the ancient world for his piety, wisdom, and profound sense of justice. Due to his incorruptible fairness during his earthly life, after his death he was appointed by the gods as one of the three judges of the dead in the Underworld, alongside Minos and Rhadamanthus.
• To prejudge — To express one's legal opinion or conviction publicly or in advance regarding the merits of a pending lawsuit, before the court deliberates and issues an official ruling. In procedural law, the act of a judge prejudging or expressing an opinion beforehand constitutes a severe structural violation of the principles of impartiality and independence, representing a rigorous legal ground for their disqualification or self-recusal.
• Prejudgement — The act or manifestation by which a judge or a member of a judicial panel expresses their intimate conviction or legal opinion on the outcome of a lawsuit before the official opening of deliberations. This procedural phenomenon represents a serious structural deviation from the rules of impartiality, creating a presumption of bias and constituting an imperative legal ground for granting a disqualification motion.
• Areopagite — A member of the Areopagus, the highest judicial court and aristocratic council in ancient Athens, which historically met on the rock dedicated to the god Ares. In a Christian religious and theological sense, the term refers directly to Saint Dionysius the Areopagite, the Athenian judge converted by Saint Paul the Apostle, to whom the celebrated mystical writings of the Areopagitic corpus were structurally attributed. In an extended or literary sense, it denotes a judge of unquestionable moral and professional authority or a member of a supreme court.
• Assessor — A woman who holds the position of assessor; a female individual appointed to sit on a judicial panel or a collegial governing body, with the role of assisting the main judge or magistrate in examining evidence and in deliberations. In historical legal systems or in specific specialized courts (such as labor courts), she holds an equal consultative or deliberative vote, ensuring the participation of civil society in the act of justice.
• Assessor — A member of a judicial panel or an administrative council tasked with assisting the chief magistrate in resolving a case; a lay judge. In the past or in comparative law, the term also designated a senior public official, a tax expert who appraised property, or a counselor attached to a princely or imperial court.
• Attaliates — A historical surname particularly associated with Michael Attaliates (Michael Attaleiates), a prominent eleventh-century Byzantine public official, judge, and historian. His chronological work provides a detailed structural analysis of the political and military events in the Byzantine Empire, serving as an essential documentary source for understanding the decline following the Battle of Manzikert.