#experimental surgery

• Avenzoar — The Latinized name of Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik ibn Zuhr (1094–1162), a famous Arab physician, surgeon, and polymath from Islamic Andalusia, widely regarded as one of the greatest clinicians of the Middle Ages. Unlike other contemporary philosophers, he focused almost exclusively on empirical medicine, introducing experimental methods, animal dissection, and drug testing; his main work, 'Kitab al-Taysir', translated into Latin, served for centuries as a reference textbook in European medical universities.