#dialectics

• Antilogy — A contradiction between two ideas, statements, laws, or logical principles that are otherwise considered valid in isolation; a contradictory argumentation or figure of speech based on a direct conceptual opposition. In a structural and dialectical sense, it represents a form of antinomy or paradox historically used in classical rhetoric to deconstruct an opponent's discourse.
• Antithetical — Containing an antithesis, based on an antithesis, or constituting a total, structural, and conceptual opposition to a previous thesis or assertion. In logic and philosophy (especially in Hegelian and Kantian dialectics), the term describes the contradictory phase or element opposing the initial thesis, facilitating the transition toward a higher synthesis. In literary criticism, it characterizes styles, characters, or motifs structured on striking and symmetrical contrasts.
• Aporeme — A difficult problem, a theoretical dilemma, or a seemingly insoluble logical paradox that arises in reasoning when two contradictory arguments appear equally well-founded and rational; a statement that generates an aporia. In Aristotelian logic or scholastic disputes, the concept denotes a conceptual knot blocking rational deduction until contradictions are resolved.
• Aporetics — A philosophical doctrine, discipline, or method concerned with the systematic study, cataloging, and analysis of aporias, logical paradoxes, and theoretical contradictions within a system of thought; research focused on the nature of conceptual impasses. Initially theorized in ancient schools of dialectics, it represents a crucial critical tool for deconstructing dogmatic axioms and highlighting the limits of human reason.
• Aporia — A rational difficulty, a logical paradox, or a seemingly insoluble theoretical impasse that arises in reasoning due to the presence of contradictory yet equally well-founded arguments; an unresolved conceptual knot. In ancient Greek philosophy (for instance, in Zeno's paradoxes or Socratic dialogues), it represents the stage of intellectual deadlock designed to demonstrate the limits of dogmatic thought.
• To self-deny — To deny oneself; to contest, reject, or invalidate one's own existence, value, identity, or one's own statements and principles. In a philosophical sense, it describes the dialectical action through which a concept or a subject transforms or evolves by contradicting its own initial state, while in psychology it reflects a defense mechanism or a deep tendency to reject one's own needs and impulses.