#cortex

• Abducere — The act or process of executing an abduction movement, consisting of moving a body segment or the eyeball away from the median axis. In neurological semiology and clinical psychiatry, the abduction dynamic is thoroughly evaluated to diagnose pyramidal pathway impairment, test motor reflexes, and identify rigidity in catatonic episodes.
• Adamantinoma — A rare, slow-growing primary malignant bone tumor predominantly located in the tibial shaft or mandible, histologically characterized by islands of epithelial cells surrounded by a fibrous stroma; a pathological variant structurally related to ameloblastoma. This bone lesion gradually destroys the bone cortex, presenting a characteristic soap-bubble appearance on X-rays and requiring radical surgical excision to prevent metastasis.
• Afferentation — A foundational physiological process consisting of the continuous transmission of nerve impulses and excitations from peripheral receptor neurons to the central nervous system neurons and cerebral cortex.
• Agnosia — A neurological disorder characterized by an inability to recognize or interpret sensory impressions, such as objects, persons, sounds, or shapes, despite intact primary sensory organs and general intellectual functioning; it typically results from structural damage to the associative cerebral cortex.
• Agraphia — A neurological disorder characterized by the partial or complete loss of the ability to write, resulting from acquired brain damage to the dominant hemisphere, unrelated to motor paralysis of the hand or general intellectual impairment.
• Aldosterone — A mineralocorticoid steroid hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, playing an essential role in regulating fluid-electrolyte balance and blood pressure. It acts upon the distal tubules of the kidneys, stimulating sodium and water reabsorption while promoting potassium and hydrogen excretion.
• Aldosteronism — An endocrine clinical condition caused by the excessive, pathological secretion of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. This metabolic disruption triggers massive sodium and water retention in the body, coupled with exaggerated potassium elimination, manifesting primarily as severe hypertension, chronic muscle weakness, and spasms.
• Allocheiria — A rare neurological disorder of sensory perception in which a tactile stimulus applied to one side of the body (usually a limb) is erroneously felt or localized by the patient at the symmetrical point on the opposite side. This structural phenomenon occurs most frequently following lesions of the right parietal lobe or in cases of hemispatial neglect syndrome, reflecting a dysfunction in brain somatic map processing.
• Allocheiria — A graphic and clinical variant of the term 'allocheiria'; it represents a neurological disorder of somatic sensitivity where a patient localizes a tactile, thermal, or painful stimulus on the opposite side of where it was actually applied. This structural phenomenon reflects a severe dysfunction in signal transmission and processing within the secondary somatosensory cortex or the parietal lobe, often associated with hemispatial neglect.
• Allophasia — A language or speech disorder characterized by the utterance of incoherent, inappropriate words or phrases that are completely different from those the patient structurally intends to express. This pathological condition typically appears as a symptom in sensory aphasias, severe mental confusion states, or following focal lesions in the dominant cerebral hemispheres, disrupting communication coherence.
• Amusia — A congenital or acquired neurological disorder (following a brain injury) characterized by the partial or total inability to recognize, hum, reproduce, or understand musical tones, rhythm, and melodies, despite biological hearing and general intellectual functions remaining perfectly intact; tone deafness. This structural phenomenon affects the cognitive processing of sound structures in the secondary auditory cortex.
• Apraxia — A neurological disorder characterized by an individual's pathological inability to execute coordinated, intentional, and goal-directed movements or gestures, despite completely intact elementary motor functions (strength, tone, reflexes) and sensory pathways. This structural phenomenon is caused by lesions located in the association areas of the cerebral cortex, particularly in the parietal or frontal lobe.